PostGIS - Geographic Information Systems Extensions to PostgreSQL ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ VERSION: 2.0.0 (YYYY/MM/DD) MORE INFORMATION: http://postgis.org This distribution contains a module which implements GIS simple features, ties the features to rtree indexing, and provides some spatial functions for accessing and analyzing geographic data. Directory structure: ./ Build scripts and install directions. ./liblwgeom LWGEOM access library. ./postgis PostGIS library source code. ./java/ejb EJB Java support ./java/jdbc Extensions to the PostgreSQL JDBC drivers to support the GIS objects. ./java/pljava PostgreSQL PL/Java spatial object support ./doc PostGIS Documentation ./loader A program to convert ESRI Shape files into SQL text suitable for uploading into a PostGIS/PostgreSQL database and a program for converting PostGIS spatial tables into Shape files. ./utils Utility scripts for PostGIS (upgrade, profiling, ...) ./extras Various pieces that didn't belong to mainstream (package management specfiles, WFS_locks, sample wkb parser) ./regress Regression tests REQUIREMENTS ------------ PostGIS is compatible with PostgreSQL 8.3 and above. You *must* have the full PostgreSQL - including server headers - installed for this to work. * PROJ4 SUPPORT (Required, Version 4.5.0 or better): The Proj4 reprojection library is required if you want to use the transform() function to reproject features within the database. http://trac.osgeo.org/proj/ * SPATIAL PREDICATE / GEOS SUPPORT (Required, Version 3.1.1 or better): The GEOS library provides support for exact topological tests such as Touches(), Contains(), Disjoint() and spatial operations such as Intersection(), Union() and Buffer(). http://trac.osgeo.org/geos/ * XML SUPPORT (Required): The LibXML2 library is required to use the ST_GeomFromGML() and ST_GeomFromKML() functionality. http://xmlsoft.org/ CONFIGURATION ------------- To configure PostGIS, run: ./configure The results of the configuration can be easily seen within the postgis_config.h file. If pg_config can't be found in your $PATH configure will complain and refuse to proceed. You can specify it using the --with-pgconfig=/path/to/pg_config flag. If PROJ4 has been installed (but cannot be found), configure will complain and refuse to proceed. You can specify an alternative installation directory using the --with-projdir=DIR option. If GEOS has been installed (but cannot be found), configure will complain and refuse to proceed. You can specify an alternative geos-config file using the --with-geosconfig=/path/to/geos-config option. See ./configure --help for more options. BUILD ----- PostGIS uses the GNU make (aka gmake) for building. To build PostGIS library and utilities, as postgres run: make TESTING ------- You want to run regress tests before installation. To do so, as postgres run: make check The above will create a test database with postgis extensions, run tests and then drop the db. Final lines of output contain a summary of test results: run, succeeded, failed. If you have any failure please file a bug report using the online bug tracker: http://trac.osgeo.org/postgis/report/3. INSTALLATION ------------ To install PostGIS library and utilities, as postgres run: make install Installation paths will typically be derived by ``pg_config'': - Lib in `pg_config --pkglibdir` - Binaries (loader/dumper) in `pg_config --bindir` - Important support files in [prefix]/share/contrib - Manual pages in [prefix]/man - Documentation in in [prefix]/share/doc Where [prefix] above is extracted by `pg_config --configure`. You can change them using ./configure switches. See CONFIGURATION section. CREATING NEW SPATIAL DATABASES ------------------------------ PostGIS support must be enabled for each database that requires its usage. This is done by feeding the postgis.sql (the enabler script) file to the target database. The enabler script requires the PL/pgSQL procedural language in order to operate correctly, you can use the 'createlang' program from the PostgreSQL installation. (The PostgreSQL Programmer's Guide has details if you want to do this manually for some reason.) So, as postgres run: createlang plpgsql psql -f postgis/postgis.sql -d Your database should now be spatially enabled. UPGRADING EXISTING SPATIAL DATABASES ------------------------------------ Upgrading existing spatial databases can be tricky as it requires replacement or introduction of new PostGIS object definitions. Unfortunately not all definitions can be easily replaced in a live database, so sometimes your best bet is a dump/reload process. PostGIS provides a SOFT UPGRADE procedure for minor or bugfix releases, and an HARD UPGRADE procedure for major releases. --- SOFT UPGRADE --- Soft upgrade consists of sourcing the postgis_upgrade_*.sql script in your spatial database: * postgis_upgrade_13_to_15.sql, upgrade a 1.3.x database to 1.5 * postgis_upgrade_15_to_15.sql, upgrade a 1.4.x database to 1.5 * postgis_upgrade_16_minor.sql, upgrade a 1.5.x database to the latest minor release If a soft upgrade is not possible the script will abort and no harm will be done. You can then move on to the HARD UPGRADE process. Always try a soft upgrade first, they are much simpler. --- HARD UPGRADE --- Hard upgrade is a PostgreSQL dump/restore procedure combined with a filter to selectively update PostGIS functions and objects to point to a new library version. Hard upgrades are required when object definitions have changed, aggregates have changed or been added, and when the underlying PostgreSQL database itself has undergone a major update. For this purpose, PostGIS provides a utility script to restore a dump in "custom" format. The hard upgrade procedure is as follows: # Create a "custom-format" dump of the database you want # to upgrade (let's call it "olddb") $ pg_dump -Fc olddb olddb.dump # Restore the dump while upgrading postgis into # a new database. # Note: The new database does NOT have to exist. # Let's call it "newdb" $ sh utils/postgis_restore.pl postgis.sql newdb olddb.dump > restore.log # Check that all restored dump objects really had to be # restored from dump and do not conflict with the # ones defined in postgis.sql $ grep ^KEEPING restore.log | less # If upgrading from PostgreSQL < 8.0 to >= 8.0 you will want to # drop the attrelid, varattnum and stats columns in the geometry_columns # table, which are no-more needed. Keeping them won't hurt. # !!! DROPPING THEM WHEN REALLY NEEDED WILL DO HARM !!!! $ psql newdb -c "ALTER TABLE geometry_columns DROP attrelid" $ psql newdb -c "ALTER TABLE geometry_columns DROP varattnum" $ psql newdb -c "ALTER TABLE geometry_columns DROP stats" # The spatial_ref_sys table is restored from the dump, to # ensure your custom additions are kept, but the distributed # one might contain modification so you should backup your # entries, drop the table and source the new one. # If you did make additions we assume you know how to backup them before # upgrading the table. Replace it with the new like this: $ psql newdb newdb=> DELETE FROM spatial_ref_sys; DROP newdb=> \i spatial_ref_sys.sql USAGE ----- Try the following example SQL statements to create non-OpenGIS tables and geometries: CREATE TABLE geom_test ( gid int4, geom geometry,name varchar(25) ); INSERT INTO geom_test ( gid, geom, name ) VALUES ( 1, 'POLYGON((0 0 0,0 5 0,5 5 0,5 0 0,0 0 0))', '3D Square'); INSERT INTO geom_test ( gid, geom, name ) VALUES ( 2, 'LINESTRING(1 1 1,5 5 5,7 7 5)', '3D Line' ); INSERT INTO geom_test ( gid, geom, name ) VALUES ( 3, 'MULTIPOINT(3 4,8 9)', '2D Aggregate Point' ); SELECT * from geom_test WHERE geom && 'BOX3D(2 2 0,3 3 0)'::box3d; The following SQL creates proper OpenGIS entries in the SPATIAL_REF_SYS and GEOMETRY_COLUMNS tables, and ensures that all geometries are created with an SRID. INSERT INTO SPATIAL_REF_SYS ( SRID, AUTH_NAME, AUTH_SRID, SRTEXT ) VALUES ( 1, 'EPSG', 4269, 'GEOGCS["NAD83", DATUM[ "North_American_Datum_1983", SPHEROID[ "GRS 1980", 6378137, 298.257222101 ] ], PRIMEM["Greenwich",0], UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]]' ); CREATE TABLE geotest ( id INT4, name VARCHAR(32) ); SELECT AddGeometryColumn('db','geotest','geopoint',1,'POINT',2); INSERT INTO geotest (id, name, geopoint) VALUES (1, 'Olympia', GeometryFromText('POINT(-122.90 46.97)',1)); INSERT INTO geotest (id, name, geopoint) VALUES (2, 'Renton', GeometryFromText('POINT(-122.22 47.50)',1)); SELECT name,AsText(geopoint) FROM geotest; --- Spatial Indexes --- PostgreSQL provides support for GiST spatial indexing. The GiST scheme offers indexing even on large objects, using a system of "lossy" indexing where a large object is proxied by a smaller one in the index. In the case of the PostGIS indexing system, all objects are proxied in the index by their bounding boxes. You can build a GiST index with: CREATE INDEX ON USING GIST ( ); Always run the "VACUUM ANALYZE " on your tables after creating an index. This gathers statistics which the query planner uses to optimize index usage.